Toon (2015) has recently suggested, with reference to the hypothesis of extended cognition, that understanding can be located partly outside the head. For example, you read many of your books on screens and e-readers today. Some focus on understanding-why while others focus on objectual understanding. More generally, as this line of criticism goes, sometimes we simply mistake mere (non-factive) intelligibility for understanding. An overview of the object, psychology, and normativity of understanding. On the basis of considerations Pritchard argues for in various places (2010; 2012; 2013; 2014), relating to cognitive achievements presence in the absence of knowledge (for example.
Discuss the pros and cons of the epistemological shift Ginet, C. Knowledge, Perception and Memory. Such a constraint would preserve the intuition that understanding is a particularly desirable epistemic good and would accordingly be untroubled by the issues highlighted for the weakest view outlined at the start of the section. The Varieties of Cognitive Success 1.1 What Kinds of Things Enjoy Cognitive Success?
A Brief Reflection On Epistemological Shifts (Essay Sample) Kvanvig, J. In all these cases, epistemology seeks to understand one or another kind of cognitive success (or, correspondingly, cognitive failure ). ), Fictions in Science: Essays on Idealization and Modeling. If making reasonable sense merely requires that some event or experience make sense to the epistemic agent herself, Bakers view appears open, as Grimm (2011) has suggested, to counterexamples according to which an agent knows that something happened and yet accounts for that occurrence by way of a poorly supported theory. Kvanvig, J. According to Elgin, a factive conception of understanding neither reflects our practices in ascribing understanding nor does justice to contemporary science. Riggs (2003: 21-22) asks whether an explanation has to be true to provide understanding, and Strevens thinks that it is implied that grasping is factive.
Discuss the pros and cons of the epistemological shift in an essay He argues that we can gain some traction on the nature of grasping significant to understanding if we view it along such manipulationist lines. Zagzebski, L. Recovering Understanding In M. Steup (ed.
Understanding in Epistemology | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy This is a change from the past. Assume that the surgeon is suffering from the onset of some degenerative mental disease and the first symptom is his forgetting which blood vessel he should be using to bypass the narrowed section of the coronary artery. Knowledge in a Social World. Solicitar ms informacin: 310-2409701 | administracion@consultoresayc.co. The following sections consider why understanding might have such additional value. For example, an environment where ones abilities so easily could generate false beliefs of form
despite issuing (luckily) true beliefs of the form on this occasion. Just as we draw a distinction between this epistemic state (that is, intelligibility, or what Grimm calls subjective understanding) and understanding (which has a much stricter factivity requirement), it makes sense to draw a line between grasping* and grasping where one is factive and the other is not. Contains a discussion of the fact that we often take ourselves to understand things we do not. Kvanvig does not spell out what grasping might involve, in the sense now under consideration, in his discussion of coherence, and the other remarks we considered above. Pritchard, D. Recent Work on Epistemic Value. American Philosophical Quarterly 44 (2007): 85-110. It is the idea that one has shifted, or changed, the way he or she takes in knowledge (Rayner, 2011).The fact that taking in knowledge has altered is evident in learning institutions today. epistemological shift pros and cons. London: Routledge, 2009. Firstly, Kvanvig introduces propositional understanding as what is attributed in sentences that take the form I understand that X (for example, John understands that he needs to meet Harold at 2pm). The advances are clearly cognitive advances. Thirdly, and perhaps most interestingly, objectual understanding is attributed in sentences that take the form I understand X where X is or can be treated as a body of information or subject matter. One helpful way to think about this is as follows: if one takes a paradigmatic case of an individual who understands a subject matter thoroughly, and manipulates the credence the agent has toward the propositions constituting the subject matter, how low can one go before the agent no longer understands the subject matter in question? Epistemology is often defined as the theory of knowledge, and talk of propositional knowledge (that is, "S knows that p") has dominated the bulk of modern literature in epistemology. Pragmatism as an epistemological approach accentuates the reasoning of theories and concepts by studying their consequences and goals, values and interests they support. There are three potential worries with this general style of approach. Secondly, even subject matters that traffic in empirical rather than abstract atemporal phenomena (for example, pure mathematics), are not clearly such that understanding them should involve any appreciation for their coming to be, or their being caused to exist. Kim, J. He suggests that the primary object of a priori knowledge is the modal reality itself that is grasped by the mind and that on this basis we go on to assent to the proposition that describes these relationships. Contains the famous counterexamples to the Justified True Belief account of knowledge. London: Continuum, 2003. The ambiguity between assenting to a necessary proposition and the grasping or seeing of certain properties and their necessary relatedness mirrors the ambiguity between assenting to a casual proposition and grasping or seeing of the terms of the causal relata: their modal relatedness. The epistemological shift in the present in the study - Course Hero Riaz (2015), Rohwer (2014) and Morris (2012) have continued to uphold this line on understandings compatibility with epistemic luck and defend this line against some of the objections that are examined below. For, even if understanding why 22=4 does not require a grasp of any causal relation, it might nonetheless involve a grasp of some kind of more general dependence, for instance the kind of dependence picked out by the metaphysical grounding relation. In short, then, Kvanvig wants to insist that the true beliefs that one attains in acquiring ones understanding can all be Gettiered, even though the Gettier-style luck which prevents these beliefs from qualifying as knowledge does not undermine the understanding this individual acquires. An earlier paper defending the intellectualist view of know-how. While the matter of how to think about the incompatibility of knowledge with epistemic luck remains a contentious pointfor instance, here modal accounts (for example, Pritchard 2005) are at odds with lack-of-control accounts (for example, Riggs 2007), few contemporary epistemologists dissent from the comparatively less controversial claim that knowledge excludes luck in a way that true beliefs and sometimes even justified true beliefs do not (see Hetherington (2013) for a dissenting position). We can accommodate the thought that not all beliefs relevant to an agents understanding must be true while nonetheless insisting that cases in which false beliefs run rampant will not count as understanding. Given that the instrumental value is the same, our reaction to the two contrasting bypass cases seems to count in favor of the final value of successes because of abilityachievements. It is moreover of interest to note that Khalifa (2013b) also sees a potential place for the notion of grasping in an account of understanding, though in a qualified sense. Would this impede ones understanding? For example, Kvanvig (2003) holds that understanding is particularly valuable in part because it requires a special grasp of explanatory and other coherence-making relationships. Riggs (2003: 20) agrees, stating that understanding of a subject matter requires a deep appreciation, grasp or awareness of how its parts fit together, what role each one plays in the context of the whole, and of the role it plays in the larger scheme of things (italics added). Perhaps the strongest of these is his suggestion that while the faculty of rational insight is indispensable to the grasping account of a priori, it is actually essential to knowledge of causes that it not be grasped through rational insight. However, Pritchards work on epistemic luck (for example, 2005) and how it is incompatible with knowledge leads him to reason that understanding is immune to some but not all forms of malignant luck (that is, luck which is incompatible with knowledge). This is because we dont learn about causes a priori. New York: Routledge, 2011. Zagzebski notes that this easily leads to a vicious circle because neglect leads to fragmentation of meaning, which seems to justify further neglect and further fragmentation until eventually a concept can disappear entirely.. Shift in Epistemology.docx - Running head: SHIFT IN Introduces intelligibility as an epistemic state similar to understanding but less valuable. What (Good) is Historical Epistemology? | MPIWG Riggs, W. Understanding Virtue and the Virtue of Understanding In M. DePaul and L. Zagzebski (eds. An in-depth exploration of different types of epistemic luck. This is perhaps partially because there is a tendency to hold a persons potential understanding to standards of objective appropriateness as well as subjective appropriateness. This in part for three principal reasons. epistemological shift - porosity.ca Though her work on understanding is not limited to scientific understanding (for example, Elgin 2004), one notable argument she has made is framed to show that a factive conception cannot do justice to the cognitive contributions of science and that a more flexible conception can (2007: 32). This holds regardless of whether we are Platonists or nominalists about such entities. Olsson, E. Coherentist Theories of Epistemic Justification in E. Zalta (ed. Consider how some people think they grasp the ways in which their zodiac sign has an influence on their life path, yet their sense of understanding is at odds with the facts of the matter. DePaul, M. Ugly Analysis and Value in A. Haddock, A. Millar and D. Pritchard (eds. As such, his commentary here is particularly relevant to the question of whether gasping is factive. For one thing, abstract objects, such as mathematical truths and other atemporal phenomena, can plausibly be understood even though our understanding of them does not seem to require an appreciation of their coming to existence. Much of the philosophical tradition has viewed the central epistemological problems concerning perception largely and sometimes exclusively in terms of the metaphysical responses to skepticism. On the other hand, there are explanationists, who argue that it is knowledge or evaluation of explanations that is doing the relevant work. Defends views that hold explanation as indispensable for account of understanding and discusses what a non-factive account of grasping would look like. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. This would be the non-factive parallel to the standard view of grasping. But it is not strictly true. Discuss the pros and cons of the epistemological shift in an essay. As Wilkenfeld sees it, understanding should be construed as representational manipulability, which is to say that understanding is, essentially, the possessing of some representation that can be manipulated in useful ways. In practice, individuals' epistemological beliefs determine how they think knowledge or truth can be comprehended, what problems - if any - are associated with various views of pursuing and presenting knowledge and what role researchers play in its discovery (Robson, 2002). Discusses and defines ability in the sense often appealed to in work on cognitive ability and the value of knowledge. For example: Although a moderate view of understandings factivity may look promising in comparison with competitor accounts, many important details remain left to be spelled out. Grimm, S. Understanding as Knowledge of Causes in A. Fairweather (ed. See answer source: Epistemology in an Hour Caleb Beers With a wide range of subtly different accounts of understanding (both objectual and understanding-why) on the table, it will be helpful to consider how understanding interfaces with certain key debates in epistemology. Consider, for instance, the felicity of the question: Am I understanding this correctly? and I do not know if I understand my own defense mechanisms; I think I understand them, but I am not sure. The other side of the coin is that one often can think that one understands things that one does not (for example, Trout 2007). He also suggests, like Khalifa, that grasping be linked with correct explanations. University of Edinburgh Contains the paradigmatic case of environmental epistemic luck (that is, the fake barn case). Specifically, a very weak view of understandings factivity does not fit with the plausible and often expressed intuition that understanding is something especially epistemically valuable. If so, then the internally consistent delusion objection typically leveled against weakly nonfactive views raises its head. . For example, you read many of your books on screens and e-readers today. The idea of grasping* is useful insofar as it makes clearer the cognitive feat involved in intelligibility, which is similar to understanding in the sense that it implies a grasping of order, pattern and connection between propositions (Riggs, 2004), but it does not require those propositions to be true. What are the advantages and disadvantages of epistemology as - Quora To the extent that such a move is available, one has reason to resist Morriss rationale for resisting Pritchards diagnosis of Kvanvigs case. Utilize at least 2 credible sources to support the arguments presented in the paper. In other words, they claim that one cannot always tell that one understands. To defend the claim that possessing the kinds of abilities Hills draws attention to is not a matter of simply having extra items of knowledgeshe notes that one could have the extra items of knowledge and still lack the good judgment that allows you to form new, related true beliefs. His central claim is that curiosity provides hope for a response-dependent or behaviour-centred explanation of the value of whatever curiosity involves or aims at. Most notably here is what we can call linguistic understandingnamely, the kind of understanding that is of particular interest to philosophers of language in connection with our competence with words and their meanings (see, for example, Longworth 2008). epistemological shift pros and cons Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. The cons of the epistemology shift that is a major - Course Hero For the purposes of thinking about understanding, some of the most important will include: (i) what makes a system of beliefs coherent? epistemological shift pros and cons. Whitcomb also cites Alston (2005) as endorsing a stronger view, according to which true belief or knowledge gets at least some of its epistemic value from its connection to, and satisfaction of, curiosity. While his view fits well with understanding-why, it is less obvious that objectual understanding involves grasping how things came to be. Kelps account, then, explains our attributions of degrees of understanding in terms of approximations to such well-connected knowledge. Consider, on this point, that a conspiracy theorist might very well grasp* the connection between (false) propositions so as to achieve a coherent, intelligible, though wildly off-base, picture. So too does the fact that one would rather have a success involving an achievement than a mere success, even when this difference has no pragmatic consequences. In particular, how we might define expertise and who has it. endangered species in the boreal forest; etown high school basketball roster. ), The Stanford Enclopedia of Philosophy. Pritchard, D. Knowledge, Understanding and Epistemic Value In A. OHear (ed. Usually philosophical problems are overcome not by their resolution but rather by redefinition. As will see, a good number of epistemologists would agree that false beliefs are compatible with understanding. ), The Routledge Companion to Epistemology. Epistemology is the study nature of human knowledge itself. Since, for instance, the ideal gas law (for example, Elgin 2007) is recognized as a helpful fiction and is named and taught as such, as is, nave Copernicanism or the simple view that humans evolved from apes. Whether wisdom might be a type of understanding or understanding might be a component of wisdom is a fascinating question that can draw on both work in virtue ethics and epistemology. This is the idea that one has shifted, or changed, the way he or she takes in knowledge. One can split views on this question into roughly three positions that advocate varying strengths of a factivity constraint on objectual understanding. Suppose further that the agent could have easily ended up with a made-up and incorrect explanation because (unbeknownst to the agent) everyone in the vicinity of the genuine fire officer who is consulted is dressed up as fire officers and would have given the wrong story (whilst failing to disclose that they were merely in costume). Fifthly, to what extent might active externalist approaches (for example, extended mind and extended cognition) in epistemology, the ramifications of which have recently been brought to bear on the theory of knowledge (see Carter, et. See, however, Carter & Gordon (2014) for a recent criticism on the point of identifying understanding with strong cognitive achievement. Running head: SHIFT IN EPISTEMOLOGY 1 Shift in Epistemology Student's Name Professor's Name Institution Wilkenfeld suggests that this ability consists at least partly in being able to correct minor mistakes in ones mental representation and use it to make assessments in similar cases. It will accordingly be helpful to narrow our focus to the varieties of understanding that feature most prominently in the epistemological literature. In this respect, it seems Kelps move against the manipulationist might get off the ground only if certain premises are in play which manipulationists as such would themselves be inclined to resist. In other words, S knows that p only if p is true. Considers some of the ramifications that active externalist approaches might have for epistemology. He gives the name grasping* to the purely psychological component that would continue to be satisfied even if, say, an evil demon made it the case at the moment of your grasping that there was only an appearance of the thing that appears to you to be the case. Grimm (2011) calls this subjective understanding. He describes subjective understanding as being merely a grasp of how specific propositions interlinkone that does not depend on their truth but rather on their forming a coherent picture. Grimm thinks the metaphor involves something like apprehending how things stand in modal space (that is, that there are no possible worlds in which the necessary truth is false). Wilkenfeld, D. Understanding as Representation Manipulability. Synthese 190 (2013): 997-1016. New York: Routledge, 2011. In the study of epistemology, philosophers are concerned with the epistemological shift. An overview of coherentism that can be useful when considering how theories of coherence might be used to flesh out the grasping condition on understanding. Outlines a view on which understanding something requires making reasonable sense of it. 115, No. epistemological shift pros and cons. 0. To what extent do the advantages and disadvantages of, for example, sensitive invariantist, contextualist, insensitive invariantist and relativist approaches to knowledge attributions find parallels in the case of understanding attributions. In addition, it is important to make explicit differences in terminology that can sometimes confuse discussions of some types of understanding. Uses the hypothesis of extended cognition to argue that understanding can be located (at least partly) outside the head. Elgin, C. Exemplification, Idealization, and Understanding in M. Surez (ed. Though in light of this fact, it is not obvious that understanding is the appropriate term for this state. As it turns out, not all philosophers who give explanation a central role in an account of understanding want to dispense with talk of grasping altogether, and this is especially so in the case of objectual understanding. Likewise, just as all understanding will presumably involve achieving intelligibility even though intelligibility does not entail understanding, so too will all grasping involve grasping* even though grasping* does not entail grasping. Carter, J. As such, Khalifa is not attempting to provide an analysis of grasping. Looks at understandings role in recent debates about epistemic value and contains key arguments against Elgins non-factive view of understanding. Argues against the view that moral understanding can be immune to luck while moral knowledge is not. Since what Grimm is calling subjective understanding (that is, Riggss intelligibility) is by stipulation essentially not factive, the question of the factivity of subjective understanding simply does not arise. Description Recall that epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge. For that reason, these will be addressed before moving on to the more explicitly epistemological concerns. Achievements, unlike mere successes, are regarded as valuable for their own sake, mainly because of the way in which these special sorts of successes come to be. Gettier, E. Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Analysis 23 (6) (1963). Specifically, he takes his opponents view to be that knowledge through direct experience is what sates curiosity, a view that traces to Aristotle. There is a common and plausible intuition that understanding might be at least as epistemically valuable as knowledgeif not more soand relatedly that it demands more intellectual sophistication than other closely related epistemic states. epistemological shift pros and cons - hashootrust.org.pk Grimm does not make the further claim that understanding is a kind of know-howhe merely says that there is similarity regarding the object, which does not guarantee that the activity of understanding and know-how are so closely related. Gordon, E. C. Is There Propositional Understanding? Logos & Episteme 3 (2012): 181-192. On the most straightforward characterization of her proposal, one fails to possess understanding why, with respect to p, if one lacks any of the abilities outlined in (i-vi), with respect to p. Note that this is compatible with one failing to possess understanding why even if one possesses knowledge that involves, as virtue epistemologists will insist, some kinds of abilities or virtues. He concedes, though, that sometimes curiosity on a smaller scale can be sated by epistemic justification, and that what seems like understanding, but is actually just intelligibility, can sate the appetite when one is deceived. ), The Continuum Companion to Epistemology. Finally, there is fruitful work to do concerning the relationship between understanding and wisdom. A novel interpretation of the traditional view according to which understanding-why can be explained in terms of knowledge of causes. It is not only unnecessary, but moreover, contentious, that a credible scientist would consider the ideal gas law true. He argues that what is grasped or seen when one attains a priori knowledge is not a proposition but a certain modal relationship between properties, objects or identities. Relation question: What is the grasping relationship? Meanwhile, he suggests that were you to ask a fake fire officer who appeared to you to be a real officer and just happened to give the correct answer, it is no longer plausible (by Pritchards lights) that you have understanding-why. Displacements of power in the realm of concepts accompany these new orientations. On such an interpretation, explanationism can be construed as offering a simple answer to the object question discussed above: the object of understanding-relevant grasping would, on this view, be explanations. The thought is that, in cases of achievement, the relevant success must be primarily creditable to the exercise of the agents abilities, rather than to some other factor (for example, luck). However, Strevens nonetheless offers a rough outline of a parallel, non-factive account of grasping, what he calls grasping*. Though the demandingness of this ability need not be held fixed across practical circumstances. Grimm, S. Understanding In S. Bernecker and D. Pritchard (eds. Proposes an account of understandings value that is related to its connection with curiosity. But most knowledge is not metaknowledge, and epistemology is therefore a relatively insignificant source of knowledge. sustainability scholarship 2021; lost vape centaurus replacement panels; In particular, he wants to propose a non-propositional view that has at its heart seeing or grasping, of the terms of the casual relata, their modal relatedness, which he suggests amounts to seeing or grasping how things might have been if certain conditions had been different. To be clear, the nuanced view Grimm suggests is that while understanding is a kind of knowledge of causes, it is not propositional knowledge of causes but rather non-propositional knowledge of causes, where the non-propositional knowledge is itself unpacked as a kind of ability or know-how. For example, if I competently grasp the relevant coherence-making and explanatory relations between propositions about chemistry which I believe and which are true but which I believed on an improper basis. Pritchard (2008: 8) points out thatfor exampleif one believes that ones house burned down because of the actions of an arsonist when it really burnt down because of faulty wiring, it just seems plain that one lacks understanding of why ones house burned down. We can acknowledge this simply by regarding Bs understanding as, even if only marginally, relatively impoverished, rather than by claiming, implausibly, that no understanding persists in such cases. In this Gettier-style case, she has good reason to believe her true beliefs, but the source of these beliefs (for example, the rumor mill) is highly unreliable and this makes her beliefs only luckily true, in the sense of intervening epistemic luck. Rationalism is an epistemological theory, so rationalism can be interpreted the distinct aspects or parts of the mind that are separate senses. A. and Pritchard, D. Knowledge-How and Epistemic Luck. Nos (2013). Bradford, G. The Value of Achievements. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 94(2) (2013): 204-224. If so, why, and if not why not? The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding. What is Justified Belief? In G. S. Pappas (ed. Epistemologically, a single-right-answer is believed to underlie each phenomenon, even though experts may not yet have developed a full understanding of the systemic causes that provide an accurate interpretation of some situations. 57-74, 2015. On the one hand, there is the increasing support for virtue epistemology that began in the 1980s, and on the other there is growing dissatisfaction with the ever-complicated attempt to generate an account of knowledge that is appropriately immune to Gettier-style counterexamples (see, for example, DePaul 2009). An important question is whether there are philosophical considerations beyond simply intuition to adjudicate in a principled way why we should think about unifying understanding cases in one way rather than the other. Of course, though, just as Lackey (2007) raises creationist teacher style cases against knowledge transmission principles, one might as well raise a parallel kind of creationist teacher case against the thesis that one cannot attain understanding from a source who herself lacks it. Put generally, according to the coherentist family of proposals of the structure of justified belief, a belief or set of beliefs is justified, or justifiably held, just in case the belief coheres with a set of beliefs, the set forms a coherent system, or some variation on these themes (Olsson 2012: 1).
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