(1): (April 24, 1883. Overall, this was a successful area of policy for Henry, both in terms of efficiency and as a method of reducing the corruption endemic within the nobility of the Middle Ages. [55] Since alum was mined in only one area in Europe (Tolfa, Italy), it was a scarce commodity and therefore especially valuable to its land holder, the Pope. The nobility was forced into bonds, legal agreements that they would act as the King wanted or be fined. His father was the son of Owen Tudor, a Welsh squire, and Catherine of France, the widow of King Henry V. His mother was the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, whose children by Catherine Swynford were born before he married her. [17] Now supported by Francis II's prime minister, Pierre Landais, Richard III attempted to extradite Henry from Brittany, but Henry escaped to France. 1) The number of books on Henry VII can basically be counted on one hand 2) This is Penns first book. Henry was devastated. (We certainly can, and do, decide what sort of king Henry was based on what he had his government get up to, however.). Inadvertently, he provoked a revolution. 24th April 2023 - courses open for registrations. It was no easy feat. It was a fantastic programme and I highly recommend Thomas Penns book on Henry VII Winter King. Hidden under the floor in St George's Chapel in Windsor, England where thousands of people walk every day, a forgotten tomb lies. Claiming the throne by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, he was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. For me, history is alive and energizing - not something static and remote. The purpose of the agreement was to prevent France from annexing Brittany. Many influential Yorkists had been dispossessed and disappointed by the change of regime, and there had been so many reversals of fortune within living memory that the decision of Bosworth did not appear necessarily final. He invited artists, musicians and scholars to live at his court. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! In the late 20th century a model of European state formation was prominent in which Henry less resembles Louis and Ferdinand. While most of us are familiar with Henry VIII and Elizabeth I and we probably have a sense of the Wars of the Roses in England, but how many of us are familiar with Henry VII. In 1485 Henry landed at Milford Haven in Wales and advanced toward London. Henry VII was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII. Author of, Assistant Master and Professor of History, Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. Read all Directors Giulia Clark Stuart Elliott Writers The treaty marks a shift from neutrality over the French invasion of Brittany to active intervention against it. There he found more English fugitives, willing to invade England in support of Henry, and bearing news that Richard III had serious plans to marry the princess Elizabeth himself. For instance, except for the first few months of the reign, the Baron Dynham and the Earl of Surrey were the only Lord High Treasurers throughout his reign. [70] Henry VII falls among the minority of British monarchs that never had any known mistresses, and for the times, it is very unusual that he did not remarry: his son Henry was the only male heir left after the death of his wife, thus the death of Arthur created a precarious political position for the House of Tudor. Still, as Penn observes, the national sense of relief in 1509 was palpable. For other uses, see, Henry holding a rose and wearing the collar of the, Law enforcement and justices of the peace, the 1486 rebellion of the Stafford brothers, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Cultural depictions of Henry VII of England, "Tudor Pembroke | Ymddiriedolaeth Harri Tudur | Henry Tudor Trust", "BBC Wales History Themes Pembroke The Main Street", "Westminster Abbey website: Coronations, Henry VII and Elizabeth of York", "Calendar of State Papers, Spain: Supplement To Volumes 1 and 2, Queen Katherine; Intended Marriage of King Henry VII To Queen Juana", "Domestic and foreign policy of Henry VII", "Queen Margaret's Arch | York Civic Trust", "Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond", The Reign of Henry VII. If you missed the programme then here is the YouTube video for you enjoy! [47], Henry VII's policy was to maintain peace and to create economic prosperity. For him, it was never about glory and battle. [43] According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple "greed" underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years. To unite the opponents of Richard III, Henry had promised to marry Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV; and the coalition of Yorkists and Lancastrians continued, helped by French support, since Richard III talked of invading France. [76] He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reigned 150947), who would initiate the Protestant Reformation in England. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. Henry himself was clearly a distant figure who governed through his ministers, but this means that it's quite hard to get much of a sense of his character from the few sources available. Henry VII: Winter King was aired last night on BBC2 and was the latest programme in BBC2s Tudor Court Season. [citation needed], Henry began taking precautions against rebellion while still in Leicester after Bosworth Field. The rest, as we say, is history; Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and Henry Tudor had arrived out of nowhere and avenged the death of the little princes in the tower, although there is some debate as to who was actually responsible for their murder. [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. [56] This trade made an expensive commodity cheaper, which raised opposition from Pope Julius II, since the Tolfa mine was a part of papal territory and had given the Pope monopoly control over alum. Old rivalries simmered, however. If you are new the era, this wouldn't the first book I would pick up because it does flip flop around a bit in the beginning-but if you want to understand the players that ultimately have a significant impact on Henry VIII, this is the book for you. [64] This made Henry VII's second son, Henry, Duke of York, heir apparent to the throne. [citation needed] John Cabot, originally from Genoa and Venice, had heard that ships from Bristol had discovered uncharted new found territory far west of Ireland. I couldn't even stay awake reading this. Since we are in the middle of winter, Ive been thinking of a volume on my shelves on Henry VII, who could be called the Winter King. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of Titulus Regius gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. Why did the nobility accept the curtailment of the military power it had wielded in the wars of the roses and swallow the elevation of upstarts at Henry's court? Until the death of his wife, the evidence is clear from these accounting books that Henry was a more doting father and husband than was widely known and there is evidence that his outwardly austere personality belied a devotion to his family. [52] He also concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland (the first treaty between England and Scotland for almost two centuries), which betrothed his daughter Margaret Tudor to King James IV of Scotland. It was presented by historian Thomas Penn, author of Winter King and was an excellent examination of the King who, as Penn pointed out, tend to be eclipsed by Richard III, the glamour and notoriety of Henry VIII and the charisma of Elizabeth I. Warbeck was finally captured in 1497 and executed. He likens the beginning of Henry VIIIs reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. Bacon wanted the future Charles I to learn from Henry's reign, but the financial methods that would provoke fatal opposition to Charles look pale beside the exactions levied by Henry from often innocent subjects, who were denied legal process or threatened with trumped-up prosecutions and had to buy their freedom (though at moments of apparently impending death the king would repent of his methods and have the jails cleared and pardons issued). Before Henry VIII, English kings were addressed as "Your Grace" or "Your Highness.". With Elizabeth's death, the possibilities for such family indulgences greatly diminished. [citation needed], Henry also made some political capital out of his Welsh ancestry in attracting military support and safeguarding his army's passage through Wales on its way to the Battle of Bosworth. Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. However, as France was becoming more concerned with the Italian Wars, the French were happy to agree to the Treaty of Etaples. Henry was building a myth, the idea that he and his family were the true royal blood of England. ||Wordpress installation and design by http://www.MadeGlobal.com, FREE Anne Boleyn He had, Bacon added, much to be suspicious about, "his times" being "full of secret conspiracies and troubles". Henry VII, grown rich from Morton's Fork and other squeezes, was far from a bumpkin trying to break into the royal circles of western Europe--he was being courted, and he knew very well to play Castile (Hapsburg) and Aragon off against one another after Isabella died (and Catherine might very well have been packed off home to marry someone else, it was common). Quite ambitious in nature, Thomas Penn attempts to write a portrait of Henry VII and his reign. Penn's picture of a reign of terror carries disturbing echoes of the Roman historian Tacitus's account of the emperor Tiberius, another ruler whose abridgements of liberty followed an era of civil strife. Henry VII shut himself away in Richmond Palace from January 1509 and at 11pm on Saturday 21st April 1509 he died. [54], Henry VII was much enriched by trading alum, which was used in the wool and cloth trades as a chemical fixative for dyeing fabrics. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. Why is this ambitious? Otherwise, at the time of his father's arranging of the marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the future Henry VIII was too young to contract the marriage according to Canon Law and would be ineligible until age fourteen. The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. Elizabeth married Henry after his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, which marked the end of the Wars of the Roses. Henry VII (28 January 1457 - 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. [16] With money and supplies borrowed from his host, Francis II of Brittany, Henry tried to land in England, but his conspiracy unravelled resulting in the execution of his primary co-conspirator, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. The parts on how he abused his position and the law to enrich himself while an entire nation watched helplessly are, frankly, pretty relevant to now. He died shortly afterwards in Carmarthen Castle. 1509. That is, suspicious, insecure and crafty but also determined, patient and fiercely proud of his Lancastrian ancestry. Having established his claim to be king in his own right, he married Elizabeth of York on January 18, 1486. In 1497 Warbeck landed in Cornwall with a few thousand troops, but was soon captured and executed. For example, they could replace suspect jurors in accordance with the 1495 act preventing the corruption of juries. Accordingly, he arranged a papal dispensation from Pope Julius II for Prince Henry to marry his brother's widow Catherine, a relationship that would have otherwise precluded marriage in the Church. Henry VII was the founder of the Tudor dynasty and father of Henry VIII and Ive been doing a bit of digging on this lesser known Tudor. [24][17][25] He was 29 years old, she was 20. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? [53] Later on, Henry had exchanged letters with Pope Julius II in 1507, in which he encouraged him to establish peace among Christian realms, and to organise an expedition against the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. They were unpaid, which, in comparison with modern standards, meant a smaller tax bill for law enforcement. A King from upstart usurper to renaissance monarch to Machiavellian schemer. [citation needed], In 1502, Henry VII's life took a difficult and personal turn in which many people he was close to died in quick succession. As his mother was only 14 when he was born and soon married again, Henry was brought up by his uncle Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke. Thomas Penn's Winter King is not really a biography of Henry VII, and more a study of what he was directing his government to do in his name. I've never read much on the reign of Henry VII - mostly because to really get to grips with his policies, you first have to get to grips with his exhaustively complicated financial policies - but Penn provides a wonderful accessibility through his writing, which provides valuable context to the man who founded England's most famous dynasty. Swynford was Gaunt's mistress for about 25 years. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. Annoyingly, much of the most interesting stuff concerns his son, and whenever Penn comments intelligently on how the events here affected the future Henry VIII's reign I found myself perking up such as the suggestion that Henry VII's marriage to Elizabeth was the kind of marriage that their second son, Prince Henry, would spend his whole life trying to find. Backdating Henry's Reign. The Lancastrians triumphed under the leadership of a 28-year-old exile named Henry Tudor. He stabilised the government's finances by introducing several new taxes. By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. Penn notes something else about the paeans on the son's accession: later in the Tudor period, apologists for the regime would remember Henry VII as the restorer of national peace and unity, but in 1509 it was the king's death, not his rule, that was held to have ended a long era of dark instability. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [45], Henry VII established the pound avoirdupois as a standard of weight; it later became part of the Imperial[46] and customary systems of units. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. Elizabeth did get pregnant, but then went into premature labour. [28], Henry had Parliament repeal Titulus Regius, the statute that declared Edward IV's marriage invalid and his children illegitimate, thus legitimising his wife. Henry VII (28 January 1457 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. They overrode all the usual legal processed and acted with complete impunity. One of the councils prominent members was Edmund Dudley, a man who helped Henry by enforcing the Kings legal rights, finding old laws to use against people and stretching the law to its limits. The house of York then appeared so firmly established that Henry seemed likely to remain in exile for the rest of his life. It was not until 1506, when he imprisoned Suffolk in the Tower of London, that Henry could at last feel safe. Celebrating the release of The Colour of Bone A London Charnel House. [69] The wedding never took place, and the physical description Henry sent with his ambassadors of what he desired in a new wife matched the description of his wife Elizabeth. Corrections? [citation needed] Nonetheless, by 1483 Henry was the senior male Lancastrian claimant remaining after the deaths in battle, by murder or execution of Henry VI (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and the other Beaufort line of descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. [citation needed], However, his principal weapon was the Court of Star Chamber. The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke. Before taking the throne, he was known as Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. This book is a nonfiction look at King Henry the VII. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. [51], Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom; he concluded the Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which his son Arthur, Prince of Wales, was married to Catherine of Aragon. Henry VII comes across as a talented micromanager and financier. [citation needed], To secure his hold on the throne, Henry declared himself king by right of conquest retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before Bosworth Field. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard . This was excellent. [13] When the Yorkist Edward IV regained the throne in 1471, Henry fled with other Lancastrians to Brittany. [6] Henry IV's action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an Act of Parliament, but it weakened Henry's claim. [30] Before departing for London, Henry sent Robert Willoughby to Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire, to arrest Warwick and take him to the Tower of London. In many ways, it highlights that Henry VIII was a feckless inheritor of the tools of Machiavellian power, but had no idea to what productive end to put them. [citation needed], Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the Magnus Intercursus ("great agreement") of 1496. Alternate titles: Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, Professor of Medieval History, University of Liverpool, 196780. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. His spies and informers were everywhere. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. When Richard III became King, Henrys strategy, planned by Margaret Beaufort, the mother whom he had not seen for years, was to declare in public, in Brittanys Rennes Cathedral, that he would marry Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth, then in sanctuary with her mother, and thus bury the enmity between Lancaster and York by making her his queen. Through luck, guile, and ruthlessness, Henry VII, the first of the Tudor kings, emerged as rulerbut as a fugitive with a flimsy claim to England's throne, he remained a usurper and false king to many, and his hold on power was precarious. Stanley was accused of supporting Warbeck's cause, arrested and later executed. Effectively an orphan, he had spent wretched years as a fugitive in Brittany. Hence, the king was plagued with conspiracies until nearly the end of his reign. Thomas More hailed the end of "slavery" and the return of "liberty", "the end of sadness, the beginning of joy". I picked this audiobook up because it was narrated by Simon Vance. [9] He took it, as well as the standard of St. George, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth. He was the first Tudor king after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in August 1485. [81], Henry VII and Elizabeth had seven children:[b]. [79], Amiable and high-spirited, Henry was friendly if dignified in manner, and it was clear that he was extremely intelligent. "King Henry VII" redirects here. Henry VII ruled as Machiavelli, just after his reign, was to advise usurpers to do through fear rather than love. He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of "retainers" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army. Claire is going live on YouTube on 11 February! But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. Henry gained the support of the Woodvilles, in-laws of the late Edward IV, and sailed with a small French and Scottish force, landing at Mill Bay near Dale, Pembrokeshire. He was the only child of Lady Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. In turn, Antwerp became an extremely important trade entrept (transshipment port), through which, for example, goods from the Baltic, spices from the east and Italian silks were exchanged for English cloth. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.[a]. [38], Unlike his predecessors, Henry VII came to the throne without personal experience in estate management or financial administration. 1517. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Supported at one time or another by France, by Maximilian I of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (Holy Roman emperor from 1493), by James IV of Scotland, and by powerful men in both Ireland and England, Perkin three times invaded England before he was captured at Beaulieu in Hampshire in 1497. Henry VII ruled from 1485-1509 and had a dubious claim on the throne, spending most of his time before the famous Battle of Bosworth Field in exile and gaining credibility from his marriage to Elizabeth of York. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. enry VII can look a dull king, so dull that Thomas Penn's title omits his name. In 1407, Henry IV, Gaunt's son by his first wife, issued new Letters Patent confirming the legitimacy of his half-siblings but also declaring them ineligible for the throne. With the English economy heavily invested in wool production, Henry VII became involved in the alum trade in 1486. The Field of Cloth of Gold: Royal Revelry. He was the last king of England to win . ||sitemap_index.xml He created the sovereign coin to spread the message that he was King. [citation needed] Henry had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his life before becoming king. Moneywise, King Henry the VII was frugal and careful with money. Penn explained how Henry reworked recent events to suit him. The father's government was an exercise in discoloration. He had gone from a refugee landing on an isolated beach in Wales to being a great king. Henry's father, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, a half-brother of Henry VI of England and a member of the Welsh Tudors of Penmynydd, died three months before his son Henry was born. What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen! Who could have expected that he would rule for 24 years, die in his bed, bequeath the first orderly succession to the throne for nearly a century, and found a famous dynasty? Henry VIII Books livestream YouTube 18 February 2023, February 13 A queen and her lady-in-waiting are beheaded. Henry VII was also shown, but his black line just traced back to Owen Tudor, a chamber servant. No. [citation needed], Henry honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York and the wedding took place in 1486 at Westminster Abbey. Consultant editor for the. [58], Henry's principal problem was to restore royal authority in a realm recovering from the Wars of the Roses. His father, Henry VII, was a cold, calculating man (he wasn't called "the Winter King" for nothing), a greedy monarch who during his last years on the throne had squeezed every last drop. Henry the older was lean and shriveled, rigid with prudence, empty of any hunger other than a desire to secure his throne through the acquisition of cash.
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