Although the mitigating factors clause was supposed to protect such students, the statistics indicated otherwise. They suggest, interestingly, that drinking and sexual behaviours of young people can be perceived as festive social interactions and [a source of] popularity among teens and emerging adults, as well as representing a problem behaviour (Sussman et al. What solutions are being offered? Within these two generalizations, however, much differentiation existed regarding the amount of money spent on the clothing. Abuse of students by teachers is a rare occurrence, but when it does happen there are children who are at a greater risk of being victimized.10 In terms of victims of verbal abuse by teachers, these children are more likely to be boys and to display at risk characteristics early on (i.e., from kindergarten), such as antisocial behaviours, and have attention problems (particularly boys). Social approval is obtained when children accept the sanctioned goals of the school setting and they are rewarded and reinforced on a consistent basis through social acceptance by teachers and other students (Wentzel and Looney 2006). Socialization in the Schooling Process, 7. Changes in specific school dress codes shift according to trends in popular fashion. For example, in 2007 British Columbia passed a law require all schools to have codes of conduct and a zero tolerance policy toward bullying. (2007), many social identity groups among peers are still strongly associated with socioeconomic background (i.e., the popular kids and jocks often come from the higher social classes, while the deviants come from the lower social classes). This is particularly striking because these differences in self-concept about abilities in math and science exist in studies even when there is no difference between the grades of males and females. Schools with the most severe discipline problems usually have the worst social climates as well. Moral education and character education are even found in some provinces curricula (Box 6.1). It is explained that students voices are important and that individual voices are to be developed within the boundaries of the community, which upholds the three rules. They were more likely to be found in social service, health, and creative occupations, and were more likely to report participating in cultural and group activities than those who were not home schooled. See Box 6.3 for further discussion about zero tolerance policies in Canada. Many critics of home schooling have argued that because school is such an important basis for socialization, this can only mean that children who are home schooled are going to be missing out on some very key aspects of socialization. What role does school climate play in student socialization? WebExamples of Socialization 1. Senior High English Language Arts; Program of Study. What kinds of resources are available on their websites? There is one teacher for a large group of children and the relationship with the teacher is less personal than a childparent relationship. Summarize how students learn about gender roles in school. Canadian researchers have examined the meanness of girls in relation to their popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006; Currie, Kelly, and Pomerantz 2007). In April 2010, it was announced that the teachers would no longer be employed at the high school. She notes that style is perceived to be a voice of resistance among many girls, but also queries whether such an en masse expression of resistance through consumption of fashion and music can really be considered resistance if so many young people seem to be doing itat least to some extent. The third dimension of socialization is cultural conformity. Individuals of a similar age and social identity; in school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years. But why would home schooled children be better socialized, as many American proponents have indicated? In this chapter, however, the main focus is on how schools contribute to the socialization of children. Because each province in Canada handles its own curriculum, how streaming occurs in school varies greatly by jurisdiction. In conclusion, the agent of socialization refers to the various social institutions, groups, and individuals that shape an individual's social identity and behavior. The school setting now begins to take on some of the roles that previously only family members fulfilledbut in markedly different ways. Public schools tend to focus more on the testing side of the education because that is where they obtain their funding and a child might be offered a chance to be introduced to diversity, whereas private school has more time and the means to explore socialization in many other forms like field trips and such. The others category was a catchall for various other peer groups, such as nerds, band club, normals, loners, and the unpopular. These ideals are normatively approved and accepted models of what a student should be like to fit into schooling contexts, not only in North America but in virtually all places where formal schooling occurs. Young people tend to build their social identities around specific peer groups, particularly in adolescence. Homeschooled children have stronger relationships with their parents and The Safe Schools Act changed the policy to one of mandatory suspensions and expulsions and police involvement for particular rule infractions, provided that mitigating factors were taken into account. Typically, socialization is thought of as something that happens to young people, but socialization occurs throughout ones lifetime. Manitoba, for example, has a highly tracked mathematics program (McFeetors and Mason 2005). During the process of cultural conformity, children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression. Elites were regarded as having high status, and members were generally successful in extracurricular activities and academics. The rationale behind introducing school uniforms was that standardizing wardrobes would make it impossible for students to wear clothes reflecting gang affiliation and the presence of intruders within schools would be easier to identify as they would stand out in a sea of uniforms. The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. Not all school violence is overt. Apple (2000) argues that home schoolers not only remove children from school, but also have gone so far as to isolate themselves into separate factions. For example, in 2010, two Winnipeg teachers were under investigation after performing a sexually suggestive dirty dance at a high school dance competition. Other research has found that individuals belonging to the popular and jock crowds were more likely to engage in relational aggression (discussed below), while those in high-risk peer groups (the deviants) were more prone to greater physical and relational aggression in the future (Pokhrel et al. Young people are more likely to agree with rules that they accept as offering them protection. Critics such as Greig (2003) argue that single-sex settings reinforce traditional gender roles and stereotypes that encourage teachers to treat boys and girls differently. Describe how school rules, codes of conduct, and dress codes impact on the socialization of students. Learning the expected appropriate behaviours and values of the schools system is a complex ongoing process of socialization. In addition to the two dominant uniforms, Pomerantz (2008) noted that girls also described their styles as comfortable, sporty, goth, punk, alternative, dressy, classy, preppy, regular, casual, weird, skater, random, hip hop (p. 10) and various combinations. Pomerantz (2007) argues that dress codes work to contain young womens sexuality (p. 383) through the reproduction of a specific type of femininityone that is White, middle-class, and heterosexual. Martino and Kehler (2006, 2007) have argued that such demands for male teachers to fix the problem of boys underachievement is actually a subtle ploy to re-traditionalize schools using a strategy of normalizing hegemonic masculinities (discussed in Chapter 2). This type of aggression is often simply referred to as meanness. Schools become a significant social world for children to navigate. What are peer groups and what does social identity mean? The school is described as demo-cratic, as students have an active voice in their educational development. For example, with small children, socialization tends to focus on control of biological and emotional impulses, such as drinking from a cup rather than from a bottle or asking permission before picking something up. Did you interact with people in other groups? He or she may have to raise a hand to ask questions. 2004). This act supplanted the Education Act (Section 23), which previously allowed only principals to suspend students and school boards to expel students. What were the characteristics of popular students? Favourable school climates are characterized by non-arbitrary rule enforcement, rewarding of appropriate behaviour, and positive interactions between students and teachers (Reinke and Herman 2002). As noted by Sweet et al. This bottom-up approach to decision making has proven to be a very effective one for students who, for various reasons, were not successful in the mainstream system. Many researchers have called the reaction to perceived underachievement by boys a global moral panic (see, for example, Griffin 2000; Smith 2003; Weaver-Hightower 2003). However, Brendgen, Wanner, and Vitaro (2006) found that teacher verbal abuse actually contributed to future adolescent delinquent behaviour in their 17-year cohort study in Quebec, which tracked children from kindergarten to age 23. Not only does a childs behaviour have to be modified from a set of learned family-appropriate behaviours, but the setting itself has many new structural features to which a child must become accustomed. The home schooled comprise about one percent of student population in Canada (Hepburn 2001). Internationally, girls have also been achieving higher standardized reading scores than males since the 1990s (see Box 6.5 for discussion). Kelly, Pomerantz, and Currie (2005), for example, found that self-described skater girls (i.e., girls who associate with skateboard culture) were expressing their rejection of contemporary ideals of femininity. Charter schools (Chapter 4) can also be thought of as streaming children, but of instead of streaming them into ability groups, they are streamed into particular philosophical or religious orientations. The Consumer Mathematics curriculum addresses financial management, career exploration, home ownership and maintenance, as well as more traditional topics such as trigonometry and statistics. Raby and Domitrek (2007) state that this kind of rule creation and enforcement creates a negative environment where teachers are involved in petty policing and frustrates students who would prefer to challenge the rules in more constructive ways than by breaking them. Therefore, social features of the school can serve to reverse delinquent behaviours. 11. While the characteristics of teachers in the process of socialization have been discussed above, another related feature that has been found to be associated with behavioural outcomes in children is school climate. The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. The topics that children learn about and how they are presented are just one way that school acts as a socializing agent. The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). Creating and enforcing codes of conduct can therefore be viewed as a form of socialization whose objective it is to create the desirable student. Customer Service Environment Group Dynamics Institutions Looking This finding points to important differences in provincial educational policies and practices with regard to streaming. Current practices appear to reflect the desire to create obedient future employees or citizens (Raby 2005). In general, students who plan to attend a post-secondary institution, regardless of their specific career aspirations, need to familiarize themselves with the entry requirements of the institution and program the plan to enter. Critics (see Apple 2000) also object to the presentation of the public schooling system as a failure and argue that the home schooling movement, particularly the neo-conservative home schooling movement in the United States, serves to segment and divide the population, essentially creating more problems than it actually solves. These 1400 hours in the school setting per year do not include extracurricular activities and school preparatory work, like homework. 10. A teacher, for example, is largely in charge of the student, but the relationship that a child has with a teacher is far less intimate than the relationship a child shares with his or her parents; A student must also adapt to spending a significant amount of time in large groups; A child must learn to be independent to achieve the academic goals of school; A child must also learn to form bonds and develop social bonds with other children in school; and. Especially in early grades, the relationship that a child has with his or her teacher has a very important impact on emotional, social, behavioural, and academic adjustment (Pianta 1999). Other research findings reveal that this is more than a perception and that abject racism has been detected in schools use of disciplinary procedures (Ferguson, Tilleczek, Boydell, and Rummens 2005). [S]tudents who aspire to careers that involve the development, production, teaching and study of more complex texts need to register in this course sequence. The table above shows the differences and similarities between the curricula of the two streams. Such rules were routinely broken and created resentment among students for what they perceived as ridiculous rules that teachers spent far too much time enforcing, and were often seen to enforce in targeted and unegalitarian ways. Alberta Education explains that this. In other words, inherent to such arguments are notions that only men can teach to male students and that the loss of males from the profession and the subsequent lowering of boys scores relative to girls is evidence of how feminization of the school is harming boys (Froese-Germain 2006). Moral education extends into areas beyond the display of particular virtues. Raby (2005) and Pomerantz (2007) also suggest that dress codes are more likely to be enforced on more physically developed females or those who belong to stigmatized subgroups (e.g., Goths). Sex-typing of childrens play (e.g., specific activities for boys and others for girls) can also contribute to reinforcing gender differences in behaviour and the understanding that children have about the appropriate roles for males and females. Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010). Other researchers have found that school sports coaches create conformity among their players by using misogynistic and homophobic comments to criticize players (Schissel 2000), further contributing to stereotypes about what is considered appropriate male behaviour. Pomerantz (2008) studied the school identities of girls at a high school on Vancouvers east side. Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. Furthermore, socialization can be divided into two types: primary socialization and secondary socialization. An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. WebThis paper presents sociocultural perspectives alongside critical theories affecting adult learning in contemporary society. They had a higher likelihood of participating in risky and illegal behaviour. The deviants category encapsulated a very diverse collection of peer groups including burnouts, stoners, skaters, rebels, punks, partiers, and various alternative groups (including those defined by sexual orientation). While these groupings are very broad, they do point to the consistency of general groups over time and across English-speaking countries. Explain how relationships with teachers and the social climate of the school impact upon socialization. As well, much flexibility exists in the structure and content of courses as they are shaped by student interest. Peer rejection refers to the failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. The staff keep track of who is earning the bears, and perhaps more importantly, who is not. Obviously, students in schools are expected to follow the school codes or face some type of reprimand. And they appear to be functioning effectively as members of adult society (p. 119). Other research has suggested that cultural differences between childrens families and teachers result in the enforcement of zero tolerance policies for perceived minor infractions being viewed as excessive and impersonal by parents (Bernhard et al. Children who have negative relationships with teachers are also more likely to view school as an unpleasant place and be at a disadvantage in terms of learning. How do students learn gender at school?
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